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BPC-157 TB-500 references: the cited research record

Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to an entry below. Peptide studies carry DOIs and PubMed links; the regulatory facts cite FDA pages directly.

Back to the researchThe tendon and ligament studies

How to read this register

The list below is the complete citation register for this site. Entries 1-9 are the foundational peptide studies — tendon, ligament, angiogenesis, actin-binding structure, and the TB-500 synthesis reference. Entries 10-13 are the recent (2025-2026) reviews and rat studies that bound the evidence honestly. Entries 14-16 are the FDA sources for the 503A regulatory facts on the legal-status page.

A standing note runs through the TB-500 entries: most efficacy data attributed to the name were generated with full-length Thymosin Beta-4, not the Ac-LKKTETQ 7-mer [4][9]. Where a claim depends on that distinction, the relevant page says so. The full citation strings, with identifiers, render in the reference list that follows.

  1. Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
  2. Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
  3. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
  4. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  5. Chang CH, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. ↗
  6. Cerovecki T, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat. J Orthop Res. 2010;28(9):1155-1161. ↗
  7. Krivic A, et al. Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(5):982-989. ↗
  8. Staresinic M, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy for the Disabled Myotendinous Junctions in Rats. Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1547. ↗
  9. Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012;4(9):733-738. ↗
  10. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. ↗
  11. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  12. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
  13. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy After Surgical Detachment of the Quadriceps Muscle from Its Attachments for Muscle-to-Bone Reattachment in Rats. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(1):119. ↗
  14. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. (List entries for BPC-157 and for 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500' effective with the September 29, 2023 update.) ↗
  15. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. (Definitions of Category 1 and Category 2; the January 7, 2025 revised interim policy on newly nominated substances.) ↗
  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. (Public calendar listing BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, and MOTs-C as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List.) ↗